“From the prehistory of Novelistic Discourses”

“From the prehistory of Novelistic Discourses”

Mikhail Bakhtin(1895-1975)

Introduction:-

            A Russian literary theorist, Bakhtin has been a great influence on the contemporary theory of Discourse analysis. He is best known by his works named The Dialogic Imagination (1981), Speech Genres and Other Late Essays (1986), Rabelais and his World (1968), and Problems of Dostoevski’s Poetics (1984). In these studies, there is a critique of Russian Formalism and an outline of his characteristic theme of “dialogism.” He criticizes Formalism for its abstraction, for its failure to analyse the content of literary works, and for the difficulty it finds in analysing linguistic and ideological changes. This critique is then extended to linguistics, especially the Saussurean. In his view, the purely linguistic approach to both language and literature is highly limited in scope. It tends to isolate linguistic units or literary texts from their social context, having no analysis to offer of the relations that exist between both individual speakers and texts.

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Raymond William’s contribution to Modern literary criticism with the reference to his essay Realism and contemporary novel.

Raymond William’s contribution to Modern literary criticism with the reference to his essay Realism and contemporary novel.

Introduction:-

            Raymond Williams (1921-1988) was a follower of Marxism was a domination literary personality, who made cultural inquiry in literary composition. He performed many roles to contribute to literature, critic, fiction, movies, culture, and awareness and political opposition. He was the true architect of the international disciple of cultural studies. He works as professor of literature at Cambridge, as public intellectual leader of radical cause and author of 7 novels, number of plays and about two dozens academic books. To this railway man’s son the local life of the thriving market toward of Abergavenny and the tradition pattern of mixed forming and market gardening which deepened on it proved the young William with the combination of the country rootedness and welsh Metropolitanism. The local grammar school introduced him to the great freedom of movies and Marxism.

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Literary Criticism “Four Kinds of Meaning” () I.A. Richards (1893-1979)

Literary Criticism  “Four Kinds of Meaning” ()

I.A. Richards (1893-1979) Four kind of meaning  

Introduction:-

            Ivor Armstrong Richards, together with Eliot, is the most influential critic in the twentieth century Anglo-American criticism. Among the moderns he is the only critic who has formulated a systematic and complete theory of the literary art. In the words of George Watson,

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Literary Criticism Assess the achievement and contribution of I. A. Richards as a critic.

 Assess the achievement and contribution of I. A. Richards as a critic.

v Introduction:-

            Ivor Armstrong Richards, together with Eliot, is the most influential critic in the twentieth century Anglo-American criticism. Among the moderns he is the only critic who has formulated a systematic and complete theory of the literary art. In the words of George Watson,

"Richards' claim to have pioneered Anglo-American New Criticism of the thirties and forties is unassailable. He provided the theoretical foundations on which the technique of verbal analysis was built. "

            He and T.S. Eliot are pioneers in the field of new criticism. Richards is often compared with Coleridge. Like Coleridge he is am of wide learning. He is widely read not only in literature, but also in philosophy, psychology, aesthetic , the fine arts and the broad principles  of the various sciences.

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Literary Criticism “Modern Style Theory” () Walter Pater(1839-1894)

Literary Criticism “Modern Style Theory”

Walter Pater(1839-1894)

Pater’s views on  Modern style theory

Q:- “A writer, full of a mater he is before all things anxious to express, may think of those laws, the limitations  of vocabulary, structure and the like as a restriction, but if a real artist we find in them an opportunity. Justify the argument. Or Write a not on the limitation and achievements of Walter Pater as a critic keeping his ‘style’ theory in mind. Or  Examine the Walter Pater’s view on Style. 

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Literary Criticism Q:- Definition and functions of criticism

Literary Criticism Q:- Definition and functions  of criticism

What is according to Arnold is the definition and function of criticism.

Introduction:-

            Mathew Arnold was a great Victorian poet-critic. He wrote some poetry before he turned  to criticism. That way, his criticism is the criticism of a man who had personal experience of what he was writing. He never considered poetry as something apart from life. To him, it was never ‘Art for Art’s sake’. It had a serious concern with the art of living itself. It was also criticism of life. He expects high seriousness form a great literary artist as we find Homer, Dante and Shakespeare. 

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Literary Criticism “Tension in poetry” ()

Literary Criticism “Tension in poetry” ()

Allen Tate (1899-1979)

Introduction :-The rise of New Criticism:-

            The new criticism which was a school of criticism flourished during the first half of the twentieth century in America and England. It put the theory of inspiration off the gear. It assumes a close and causative relationship between society and literature and between society and the writer. It is the stress on textual criticism which has made it new. Otherwise there is nothing new in it. It had its origin in the writings of T. E. Hulme; but it is now mainly an American movement. The term was first used by J. E. Spingam. Its chief exponents in America are Kenneth Burke, John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate, Richard Blackmur, Cleanth Brooks, etc. In England its leading representatives are I. A. Richards, T. S. Eliot, F. R. Leavis, William Empson, etc.

            It was the reaction against the external school of criticism which focuses on sociological, historical and biographical aspects of a text. It is an internal school of criticism. Different New critics of poetry answered differently in response to the question… “What is poetic in poetry?” To the new critics poetic poetry is “its ability to attract attention towards itself.”

About this ability,  R. S. Crane aptly remarks,

“From I. A. Richard’s concept of ‘behavior of words’.. or Allen Tate’s theory of tension’, w fin the same search for the meaning of words. “


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Literary Criticism Write an essay on the New Critics and New Criticism of the twentieth century.

Literary Criticism “Tension in poetry” ()

Allen Tate (1899-1979)

Ø Write an essay on the New Critics and New Criticism of the twentieth century.

v Introduction:-         

            New Criticism, born and nurtured during the late twenties and early thirties of the present century, are in sharp reaction to Sociological or Marxian criticism which regarded a litterateur a product of the society in which he lived.

            It put the theory of inspiration off the gear. It assumes a close and causative relationship between society and literature and between society and the writer. It is the stress on textual criticism which has made it new. Otherwise there is nothing new in it. It had its origin in the writings of T. E. Hulme; but it is now mainly an American movement. The term was first used by J. E. Spingam. Its chief exponents in America are Kenneth Burke, John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate, Richard Blackmur, Cleanth Brooks, etc. In England its leading representatives are I. A. Richards, T. S. Eliot, F. R. Leavis, William Empson, etc.


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Literary Criticism Write a note on the contribution of Longinus.

Literary Criticism Write a note on the contribution of Longinus.

The-first romantic critic

            Longinus is the first romantic critic. He is a pioneer in the field of literary appreciations. "On the Sublime" is the first and a unique treatise on style. His prescriptions for sublimity are universal. He asks quite different questions about literature from those asked by Plato and Aristotle. His vision is large. He constantly views poetry in relation to the author and the time of the author. He makes use of both the historical and thought provoking comments.


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Literary Criticism Longinus’s concept of sublime and its sources.

Literary Criticism Longinus’s concept of sublime and its sources.

Q Write a note on the contribution of Longinus. Or Discuss Longinus’s concept of sublime and its sources.

v  Introduction:-  

            Eulogizing Longinus (1th or 3th Century Anno Domini) George Sainsbury states aptly “So then there abide (stand) these three, Aristotle, Longinus and Coleridge.”

R.A. Scott- James addresses him as  ‘The first Romantic critic’.

            He is also considered as  ‘The pioneer in the field of aesthetic appreciation of literature.

 Longinus is a Graceo-Roman critic. The literary critics have disputes among themselves about his name, time and birth place. According to them, he is either Cassius Longinus or Dionysius Longinus.

v “On the Sublime – A treatise by Longinus”-

            Longinus’s ‘On the Sublime’ is a critical document of great world and significance. It is the most precious legacy to the literary criticism. This treatise is full of such passages as have rightly been called Gibbon as “The find monument of antiquity.”. In it we find a happy combination of classicism and romanticism. Praising this work, Atkins says,

“There are things in its place than can never grow old, while its freshness and light will continue to charm all age.”

             It has a tremendous impact on literary critics all these years. The treatise offers a new approach to art, a new interpretation to literature. It is addressed to some Posthumius Terentianus, a friend or a pupil of Longinus.

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Literary Criticism Concept of tragedy and its constituent part.

Literary Criticism Concept of tragedy and its constituent part.

v Introduction:-

            Aristotle (384 BC – 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher and polymath, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His writings cover many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, linguistics, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology. Together with Plato and Socrates (Plato's teacher), Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. Aristotle's writings were the first to create a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing morality, aesthetics, logic, science, politics, and metaphysics. Cicero, a great Roman philosopher praises his literary style by calling it “A river of gold.  He was versatile genius who is known as ““The father of Subsequent Literary criticism” or

 “The real Torch Bearer of Criticism”.

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Literary Criticism Aristotle

Literary Criticism Aristotle (384 B.C. – 322 B.C.)

Theory of mimesis Or

Aristotle views on poetry :-

Q: Write a special not the theory of mimesis presented by Aristotle which refutes the charges against poetry made by Plato. Or Compare and contrast Aristotle’s vies on imitation with Plato. Or Discuss Aristotle’s defence of poetry and poets from the charges made by Plato. Or “The object is

imitation is in he centre, both for Plato and Aristotle but Aristotle differentiate in his own way.”

v Introduction:-

            Aristotle (384 BC – 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher and polymath, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His writings cover many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, linguistics, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology. Together with Plato and Socrates (Plato's teacher), Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. Aristotle's writings were the first to create a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing morality, aesthetics, logic, science, politics, and metaphysics. Cicero, a great Roman philosopher praises his literary style by calling it

“A river of gold.

He was versatile genius who is known as “

“The father of Subsequent Literary criticism” or

 “The real Torch Bearer of Criticism”.

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Literary Criticism Plato’s Views on Poetry Plato’s objection on Poetry

Plato’s objection on Poetry

v Introduction:-

            Plato was a great disciple of Socrates. Being a philosopher, Socrates was deeply worried about the decline in national character and the standard of the social and public life. He was always in  quest of truth. He challenged many old belief and conventions. Plato followed him and discussed the value of literature to society its nature, and its function also in his work “The republic”. In Book 10 of “The Republic” Plato takes up the idea of imitation in art ad literature.

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Plato’s View on Justice and the Ideal State:- Literary Criticism

Plato’s View on Justice and the Ideal State:-

v Introduction:-

            “The republic” may be called a work on politics, yet philosophy lurks behind. In Plato’s vision, politics, and philosophy, art and morality, ethic and metaphysics, education and civilization are inter-related. Once Plato thought of being a

politician, but after he came into contact with Socrates, a revolution change in his outlook. All world ambition glitter and gold were gone. He became essentially a philosopher. In Plato’s opinion, Socrates was an embodiment of knowledge, an incarnation of wisdom. In “Crito” he considered Socrates as the noblest, the best and the wises of men. In all his works we find an echo of his master’s views and methods. “Virtue is Knowledge” are the catchwords of “The Republic”. Plato did not believe in guesswork, speculation, intuition and luck. 

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